Neurological Conditions
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
A traumatic brain injury is an injury that affects how the brain works. It may result from a bump, blow, jolt, penetrating injury, or another external force. Severity and recovery vary widely.
Injury spectrum
What TBI and concussion mean
TBI may be described as mild, moderate, or severe using clinical findings. Concussion is a form of mild TBI, but “mild” describes initial injury classification rather than how disruptive symptoms feel. Common causes include falls, transport incidents, sports injuries, workplace injuries, and assaults.
Multiple domains
Possible symptoms
Symptoms can appear immediately or later and may change during recovery.
- headache, dizziness, nausea, balance or vision problems
- slowed thinking, memory or concentration difficulty
- irritability, anxiety, sadness, or emotional change
- sleeping more or less, trouble falling asleep, or fatigue
Clinical follow-up
Assessment, recovery, and rehabilitation
Assessment may involve injury history, neurological examination, cognitive and balance testing, and imaging when clinically indicated. Recovery varies by injury and person. Rehabilitation may include physical, occupational, speech-language, psychological, cognitive, educational, or vocational support.
A second injury before recovery can be dangerous. Return to sport, driving, hazardous work, or other risk activities should follow professional guidance.
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