Neurological Conditions

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting movement, balance, and posture because of abnormal development of or damage to the developing brain. The condition is lifelong, but each person’s abilities and support needs are different.

Young person participating in an everyday learning activity with respectful inclusion of mobility support — Cerebral palsy is one aspect of a person’s life—not the whole of their identity or participation.

Core features

Movement and posture

Cerebral palsy affects muscle control and coordination. It is not progressive brain damage, although movement, pain, fatigue, joints, mobility, and support needs can change across life.

spastic patterns with increased muscle tone
dyskinetic patterns with involuntary movement or changing tone
ataxic patterns affecting balance and coordination
mixed patterns involving more than one classification

Educational illustration of spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic movement patterns without ranking severity — Clinicians describe cerebral palsy partly by the main movement pattern, and mixed patterns can occur.

Whole-person assessment

Associated features and diagnosis

Some people also have epilepsy, vision or hearing differences, speech or swallowing difficulty, learning disability, pain, spinal or joint changes, or other health needs. Diagnosis may involve developmental monitoring, physical and neurological examination, and tests selected to clarify cause or associated conditions.

Participation and independence

Therapy, technology, and lifelong support

Care may include physical, occupational, and speech-language therapy; medicines; orthopedic or other surgery; braces; seating and mobility equipment; communication technology; pain management; and educational or vocational support.

The goal is person-centered participation, comfort, health, communication, mobility, and independence—not forcing every body to move in the same way.

Developmental concerns

When assessment may be appropriate

Concerns about delayed movement milestones, unusual stiffness or floppiness, persistent asymmetry, loss of skills, feeding difficulty, or seizures should be discussed with a healthcare professional. Early evaluation can connect families with appropriate services.

Authoritative references

Medical education sources

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